Cool season grasses are the main component of pasture-based agriculture in temperate regions of the world. In warmer environments, warm season and tropical grasses (typically C4 plants) are commonly used.  The continual invention of fresh feeds and forages will be essential in helping ruminant agriculture begin to adjust to the rising temperatures of the globe. Research projects in this area are urgently needed because it typically takes fodder breeding programmes 15 years to generate a new, performance-tested variety that can be included on recommended lists. Having insufficient feed to meet animal demands (feed gap) is a significant element that can limit productivity. When forage yield is low, forage conservation enables a greater supply of higher-quality feed. Greater productivity and improved bale quality will be in demand as commercial hay markets expand and livestock farms grow in size. The feel, texture, smell, and appearance of a hay crop are frequently used by forage buyers and sellers to evaluate and estimate its value. The producer or manager can develop a well-balanced diet, use forages more efficiently in feeding programmes, and more accurately appraise and market available forage lots by evaluating the forages' nutritional value.